Major General John B. Gordon, American Civil War

The son of a prominent minister in Upson County, GA, John Brown Gordon was born February 6, 1832. At a young age, he moved with his family to Walker County where his father had purchased a coal mine. Educated locally, he later attended the University of Georgia. Though a strong student, Gordon inexplicably left school before graduating. Moving to Atlanta, he read law and entered the bar in 1854. While in the city, he married Rebecca Haralson, daughter of Congressman Hugh A. Haralson. Unable to attract clients in Atlanta, Gordon moved north to oversee his fathers mining interests. He was in this position when the Civil War began in April 1861. Early Career A supporter of the Confederate cause, Gordon quickly raised a company of mountaineers known as the Raccoon Roughs. In May 1861, this company was incorporated into the 6th Alabama Infantry Regiment with Gordon as its captain. Though lacking any formal military training, Gordon was promoted to major a short time later. Initially sent to Corinth, MS, the regiment was later ordered to Virginia. While on the field for the First Battle of Bull Run that July, it saw little action. Showing himself to be an able officer, Gordon was given command of the regiment in April 1862 and promoted to colonel. This coincided with a shift south to oppose Major General George B. McClellans Peninsula Campaign. The following month, he ably led the regiment during the Battle of Seven Pines outside Richmond, VA. In late June, Gordon returned to combat as General Robert E. Lee began the Seven Days Battles. Striking at Union forces, Gordon quickly established a reputation for fearlessness in battle. On July 1, a Union bullet wounded him in the head during the Battle of Malvern Hill. Recovering, he rejoined the army in time for the Maryland Campaign that September. Serving in Brigadier General Robert Rodes brigade, Gordon aided in holding a key sunken road (Bloody Lane) during the Battle of Antietam on September 17. In the course of the fighting, he was wounded five times. Finally brought down by a bullet that passed through his left cheek and out his jaw, he collapsed with his face in his cap. Gordon later related that he would have drowned in his own blood had there not been a bullet hole in his hat. A Rising Star For his performance, Gordon was promoted to brigadier general in November 1862 and, following his recovery, given command of a brigade in Major General Jubal Earlys division in Lieutenant General Thomas Stonewall Jacksons Second Corps. In this role, he saw action near Fredericksburg and Salem Church during the Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863. With Jacksons death following the Confederate victory, command of his corps passed to Lieutenant General Richard Ewell. Spearheading Lees subsequent advance north into Pennsylvania, Gordons brigade reached the Susquehanna River at Wrightsville on June 28. Here they were prevented from crossing the river by Pennsylvania militia which burned the towns railroad bridge. Gordons advance to Wrightsville marked the easternmost penetration of Pennsylvania during the campaign. With his army strung out, Lee ordered his men to concentrate at Cashtown, PA. As this movement was in progress, fighting began at Gettysburg between troops led by Lieutenant General A.P. Hill and Union cavalry under Brigadier General John Buford. As the battle grew in size, Gordon, and the rest of Earlys Division approached Gettysburg from the north. Deploying for battle on July 1, his brigade attacked and routed Brigadier General Francis Barlows division on Blochers Knoll. The next day, Gordons brigade supported an attack against the Union position on East Cemetery Hill but did not take part in the fighting. The Overland Campaign Following the Confederate defeat at Gettysburg, Gordons brigade retired south with the army. That fall, he participated in the inconclusive Bristoe and Mine Run Campaigns. With the beginning of Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grants Overland Campaign in May 1864, Gordons brigade took part in the Battle of the Wilderness. In the course of the fighting, his men pushed the enemy back at Saunders Field as well as launched a successful attack on the Union right. Recognizing Gordons skill, Lee elevated him to lead Earlys division as part of a larger reorganization of the army. Fighting recommenced a few days later at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House. On May 12, Union forces launched a massive assault on the Mule Shoe Salient. With Union forces overwhelming the Confederate defenders, Gordon rushed his men forward in an attempt to restore the situation and stabilize the lines. As the battle raged, he ordered Lee to the rear as the iconic Confederate leader attempted to personally lead an attack forward. For his efforts, Gordon was promoted to major general on May 14. As Union forces continued to push south, Gordon led his men at the Battle of Cold Harbor in early June. After inflicting a bloody defeat on the Union troops, Lee instructed Early, now leading the Second Corps, to take his men to the Shenandoah Valley in an effort to draw off some Union forces. Marching with Early, Gordon took part the advance down the Valley and the victory at the Battle of Monocacy in Maryland. After menacing Washington, DC and forcing Grant to detach forces to counter his operations, Early withdrew to the Valley where he won the Second Battle of Kernstown in late July. Tired of Earlys depredations, Grant sent Major General Philip Sheridan to the Valley with a large force. Attacking up (south) the Valley, Sheridan clashed with Early and Gordon at Winchester on September 19 and soundly defeated the Confederates. Retreating south, the Confederates were defeated again two days later at Fishers Hill. Attempting to recover the situation, Early and Gordon launched a surprise attack on Union forces at Cedar Creek on October 19. Despite initial success, they were badly defeated when Union forces rallied. Rejoining Lee at the Siege of Petersburg, Gordon was placed in command of the remnants of the Second Corps in December 20. Final Actions As the winter progressed, the Confederate position at Petersburg became desperate as Union strength continued to grow. Needing to force Grant to contract his lines and wanting to disrupt a potential Union assault, Lee asked Gordon to plan an attack on the enemys position. Staging from Colquitts Salient, Gordon intended to assault Fort Stedman with the goal of driving east towards the Union supply base at City Point. Moving forward at 4:15 AM on March 25, 1865, his troops were able to quickly take the fort and open a 1,000-foot breach in the Union lines. Despite this initial success, Union reinforcements quickly sealed the breach and by 7:30 AM Gordons attack had been contained. Counterattacking, Union troops forced Gordon to fall back to the Confederate lines. With the Confederate defeat at Five Forks on April 1, Lees position at Petersburg became untenable. Coming under attack from Grant on April 2, Confederate troops began retreating west with Gordons corps acting as a rearguard. On April 6, Gordons corps was part of a Confederate force that was defeated at the Battle of Saylers Creek. Retreating further, his men ultimately arrived at Appomattox. On the morning of April 9, Lee, hoping to reach Lynchburg, asked Gordon to clear Union forces from their line of advance. Attacking, Gordons men pushed back the first Union troops they encountered but were halted by the arrival of two enemy corps. With his men outnumbered and spent, he requested reinforcements from Lee. Lacking additional men, Lee concluded that he had no choice but to surrender. The afternoon, he met with Grant and surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia. Later Life Returning to Georgia after the war, Gordon unsuccessfully campaigned for governor in 1868 on a staunch anti-Reconstruction platform. Defeated, he achieved public office in 1872 when he was elected to the US Senate. Over the next fifteen years, Gordon served two stints in the Senate as well as a term as Governor of Georgia. In 1890, he became the first Commander-in-Chief of the United Confederate Veterans and later published his memoirs, Reminiscences of the Civil War in 1903. Gordon died at Miami, FL on January 9, 1904, and was buried at Oakland Cemetery in Atlanta. Selected Sources Civil War: John B. GordonNew Georgia Encyclopedia: John B. GordonCivil War Trust: John B. Gordon

The Effects of Globalization on Social Work Practices Essay

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This brings new social problems for the profession such as human trafficking and migration of asylum seekers and refugees from war torn countries, creating a greater demand on services. The Commonwealth of Australia report (2007) indicates that since civil war broke out in Sudan in 1956, nearly two million people have been displaced and two hundred thousand people have died. Refugees, asylum seekers and UASC are terms which are often used interchangeably but have different legal definitions (Ruxton, 1996). For the purpose of this assignment it is important to differentiate between these terms. A refugee is a person owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country†¦ (Article 1 of the United Convention of Human Rights, 1951). 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Corporations and Citizenship Arenas

Question: Discuss about the Corporations and Citizenship Arenas. Answer: Introduction The two case studies that have been selected for an in-depth analysis in this assignment are the Re-evaluating green marketing: a strategic approach and the Corporate Reputation in the Era of Web 2.0: the case of Primark. Marketing is looked upon as an essential ingredient for any business association. Nonetheless, it is this branch of management that facilitates in transforming the concepts into products and services thereby making it available to the consumers. However, along with the advent of globalization there are beautiful concepts and theories of marketing that are developing. For example, in order to be socially and environmentally responsible, the concept of green marketing has come to existence. It has actually taken its birth from the traditional marketing concept, the PESTLE analysis where the environmental aspect is very much there. However, many times the environmental aspect has been sidetracked by the business organizations while working on marketing concepts which h as in its way given rise to the revolutionary green marketing concept (Polonsky Rosenberger, 2001). A case study of Toyota has been considered pertaining to the area of green marketing. The other case study talks much about the corporate reputation and its management corresponding to the new environment that has developed out of the social web or better way called as web 2.0. The whole concept is explained through a case study of Primark (Jones et al., 2009). Re-evaluating Green Marketing: A strategic approach There are several business associations that have come across the question relating to their green nature, maintaining clean society and also be profitable along side. Nonetheless, environmental issue has been one such grave concern that has always called for global attention and action. On the contrary, the so called responsible green marketing is something that is characterized through a complicated, strategic, coherent approach. Overall, it creates a differing mindset within the corporate atmosphere and strives to gain a sharp competitive edge in the market (Ginsberg Bloom, 2004). Here comes the case study of Toyota which is observed to work hand in hand with the Japanese government thereby formulating unconventional marketing concepts where the consumers will be lured to buy transportation rather than concentrating on owning vehicles according to Ottman, (2011). The targeted consumers are exposed to the choices of purchasing accessibility to electronic vehicles so that they are able to travel to their desired destinations which are not too far away such as shops, malls and others. However, through the implementation of this kind of green marketing, Toyota is aiming to sidetrack the mindset of individual car ownership. Nonetheless, the green marketing has handed over to Toyota the momentum that it was looking for to increase its profit and minimising environmental hazards thereby becoming more socially responsible. Toyota is a multinational automobile company originated from Japan and operating since 1937 (takeuchi, 2008). All the related information is taken from the journal Business Horizons which got published in 2001. Re-evaluating Green Marketing: A Strategic Approach is a case study by two writers Michael Jay Polonsky and Philip J. Rosenberger III. Corporate Reputation in the era of Web 2.0 It is an article that sheds limelight on the aspects of corporate reputation and its concerning management that has steadfastly developed corresponding to the social web and its related new environment which is also called as Web 2.0. This article addresses the issues and concerns relating to brad management as well as the corporate reputation thereby citing out on a case study of Primark. The very new environment concerning the social web is something that all the business associations and the companies desire to harness. Thus Primark is certainly no different and expresses the similar desires as that of the others (Wirtz et al., 2013). Now, the interesting part in this article is to learn and address hat actually in what ways the business organization, Primark has been able to formulate strategies relating to its branding and corporate reputation in the on-line world. It is further noted from the article that the business enterprise has been able to construct a great corporate rela tionship with its diverse stakeholders and also magnify its brand image as well as its value in the online market. Primark is an international Irish retailer which serves in apparels, cosmetics and domestic wares. The company observed a total of 5347 million as recorded during 2015. The following article is contributed by 3 authors, Brain Jones, John Temperley and Anderson Lima and was published during 2010 (Whelan et al., 2013). Evidence of marketing related success Toyotas success story definitely resonate its green marketing ways and formulation of eco technologies that has taken the market by some sort of green air. The eco technologies segment pertaining to the company is observed to co-exist with the conventional regulations. Nonetheless, this specific segment also creates a definite positive pressure in forming corporate direction leading to designing next generation hybrid electric combustion automobiles. Toyota Prius is such an example that definitely does not call for any sort of introduction (Samantaray, 2012). It has also been termed as the cleanest vehicle by the international environmental authorities such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency as well as the California Air Resources Board. It became such a success that Toyota was forced to expand the family tree of the automobile Prius. The car was also seen to be relating with international celebrities like Leonardo Dicaprio, Gwyneth Paltrow during an appearance spon sored by Environmental Media Association. This has been possible due to its corporate communications, brand management strategies, several marketing campaigns and others (Ottman et al., 2006). Primark has successfully implemented the social network or the so called Web 2.0 to communicate with its consumers, transmit its agenda and messages in regards to its corporate governance, messages relating to corporate social responsibility and nonetheless about its affordable pricing for every class. The company has time and again communicated regarding its marketing strategies and practices which have certainly helped the company in managing its corporate reputation thereby diminishing the risks of blocked communication. In this case, Web 2.0 has proved to be an immensely helpful tool that has facilitated the communication both ways that is the communication of the stakeholders and the company (Roper Fill, 2012). Again on the contrary, it is known from the case study that in the realm of social network, any false news or negative remarks can produce an alarming negative tone and reaction about which the company has been seen to take care of by applying a monologue tone strategy. The company never shows its side of being obligated to answer each and every question of its consumers in the social networking sites such as face book. Toyota and its success The business enterprise has always been witnessed to stay put at the top place pertaining to Best Global Green Brands that was conducted by Interbrand during 2013. However, it has been 3 consecutive years that the company has hold on to its first position in the area of application of green marketing. It is the companys 2013 Prius brand that has been observed to rule the market. The Prius C. Proudly showcases its compact version and fuel economy aspect corresponding to 53 mpg within city as well as 46 mpg within the highways. Even in the areas concerning tailpipe emissions, Prius is considered as the efficient vehicle. Moreover, the car has been such a hit that approximately 2.9 million of it got sold in the global market as recorded during 2012 (Ottman, 2011). Primark and its Web 2.0 success Earlier Primark showed certain conservativeness in using a monologue tone while answering the questions of its stakeholders in Facebook, but currently the company thrived more in earning its social media fame and popularity. However the company now might boast about its 2.4 million followers in a single social networking site which is Facebook as per the researches of eDigital Research Retail Social Media Benchmark. However, only six months back, the company was followed by 700,000 followers and therefore the reason behind accidental steep rise within six months might be indicated towards its effective formulation of corporate reputation strategies, establishing sound corporate communications with its stakeholders. Primark has been coming up with new corporate communication strategies for each of its social networking sites as it understood that it will be boring if it places similar communicative messages on all the websites (McCorkindale et al., 2013). In a specific face book wall, it asks the followers to come up with their diverse artistic senses in nail designing and the best will be awarded, at times the company prefers going little out of topic by simply posting a Primark bus picture on Instagram (Whelan et al., 2013). Conclusion Thus to conclude, the assignment has shed light o two different industry segments and their different but innovative and new marketing ways and theories to earn the competitive advantage in the market. References Ginsberg, J. M., Bloom, P. N. (2004). Choosing the right green-marketing strategy.MIT Sloan management review,46(1), 79. Jones, B., Temperley, J., Lima, A. (2009). Corporate reputation in the era of Web 2.0: the case of Primark.Journal of Marketing Management,25(9-10), 927-939. McCorkindale, T., DiStaso, M. W., Carroll, C. E. (2013). The power of social media and its influence on corporate reputation.The handbook of communication and corporate reputation, 497-512. Ottman, J. (2011).The new rules of green marketing: Strategies, tools, and inspiration for sustainable branding. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Ottman, J. A., Stafford, E. R., Hartman, C. L. (2006). Avoiding green marketing myopia: Ways to improve consumer appeal for environmentally preferable products.Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development,48(5), 22-36. Polonsky, M. J., Rosenberger, P. J. (2001). Reevaluating green marketing: a strategic approach.Business horizons,44(5), 21-30. Roper, S., Fill, C. (2012).Corporate reputation, brand and communication. Pearson Higher Ed. Samantaray, A. (2012). Reevaluating Green Marketing: A Strategic Approach.Siddhant-A Journal of Decision Making,12(1), 56-60. Takeuchi, H. (2008). The contradictions that drive Toyotas success.Strategic Direction,25(1). Whelan, G., Moon, J., Grant, B. (2013). Corporations and citizenship arenas in the age of social media.Journal of Business Ethics,118(4), 777-790. Wirtz, B. W., Piehler, R., Ullrich, S. (2013). Determinants of social media website attractiveness.Journal of Electronic Commerce Research,14(1), 11.